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Turnera subulata
''Turnera subulata'' is a species of flowering plant in the passionflower family known by the common names white buttercup, sulphur alder, politician's flower, dark-eyed turnera,〔Yim, E. (What’s up, buttercup? ) ''New Straits Times'' (Malaysia). April 28, 2012.〕 and white alder.〔〔(''Turnera subulata''. ) US Forest Service. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)〕 Despite its names, it is not related to the buttercups or the alders. It is native to Central and South America, from Panama south to Brazil. It is well known in many other places as an introduced species, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, several other Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and Florida in the United States. It is commonly cultivated as a garden flower.〔(''Turnera subulata''. ) Germplasm Resources Information Network.〕
==Growth==
This plant is a perennial herb growing from a thick taproot and woody stem base. It reaches a maximum height around . The leaves are roughly oval in shape with toothed edges. The undersides are glandular and coated in white hairs. The upper surfaces may be somewhat hairy, as well. The leaves are up to long. Flowers occur in the leaf axils, borne in calyces of hairy, glandular sepals. The petals are rounded to oval, the longest exceeding .〔 They are white or yellowish with darker bases.〔 The dark patches at the bases are nectar guides.〔Schlindwein, C. and P. C. R. Medeiros. (2006). (Pollination in ''Turnera subulata'' (Turneraceae): Unilateral reproductive dependence of the narrowly oligolectic bee ''Protomeliturga turnerae'' (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae). ) ''Flora'' 201 178-88.〕 The center of the flower is rough, feeling like a cat's tongue.〔 The fruit is a hairy capsule containing seeds with white arils.〔 The seeds are dispersed by ants, who are likely attracted to their high lipid content.〔Simberloff, D. and M. Rejmanek, Eds. ''Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions''. University of California Press. 2010. pg 589.〕 The plant is pollinated by a variety of insects, including the bee ''Protomeliturga turnerae'', which is oligolectic, specializing on this plant species and depending completely on it for reproduction. The male bee builds his territory around the plant, for example. Thus, this particular bee is a common pollinator of the flowers. Other insects observed at the plant include many other bee species, such as ''Trigona spinipes'', ''Frieseomelitta doederleinii'', and ''Plebeia flavocinta'', butterflies such as ''Nisoniades macarius'' and ''Urbanus dorantes'', and the beetle ''Pristimerus calcaratus''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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